IELTS Einstufungstest

The following text has 10 gaps (questions 16 – 25) Decide which of the four options fits. There is only one possible answer. (2 points each)

If you ever asked someone for their mobile phone number and they said, “Sorry, I don’t own a mobile phone,” you _16_ either that a) they are lying or b) they are crazy. _17_ seems hard to believe that in this day and age there are people who don’t own a mobile phone, but _18_, those people exist, and I am one of them.
But why would somebody in their right mind decide to do something so contrary to _19_society deems so essential? In my case, it was more by accident than _20_. One day I forgot my incredibly expensive phone in a bar and it just _21_. Then, as a way of punishing myself for such a terrible mistake, I decided not to get a new one for some time.
_22_ a phone, I became fully aware of the extent to which such a small device rules our daily actions. My hand had to reach into my pocket hundreds of times before learning that there wasn’t a phone _23_ in it. It was the first stage of my detox. Every 30 minutes or so, I was desperate to check what _24_ in the world for the last 30 minutes –that was how often I _25_ my phone before losing it. Little did I know that you can get separation anxiety from a machine.

Part 2 → READING

Text 1: Read the text and answer questions 26 – 30. (2 points each)

World’s Oldest Person Turns 128
Dominicans yesterday celebrated the birthday of the World’s oldest living person Elizabeth (Ma Pampo) Israel who turned 128. Unfortunately, the Guinness Book of World Records has not officially recognized Ma Pampo since they are still checking the facts. A certificate has been issued by the Roman Catholic Church with her birth date stated as January 27, 1875, but since it is not an official record, it cannot be used to confirm the claim. The claim was further thrown into doubt when it was learned that at some point in her life, she was called Minetta George. Guinness officials have said that it is important to clarify these issues before Ma Pampo can be given the title of the oldest person on earth. Born in Portsmouth, Dominica, and the daughter of slaves, she started working on a plantation at the age of 25 and retired 79 years later. Ma Pampo says the reason for her long life is her diet – including lots of dumplings (cooked food made from flour and water) and bush tea. She has survived her husband and two children. Dominica’s largely untouched and unspoilt environment, which is still unpolluted, has been given as the main reason for longevity on the Island. Editor’s Note Since the publication of this article in January 2003 Ma Pampo died in October of that year without ever being recognised as the World’s Oldest Person by the Guinness Book of World Records. Unfortunately, her death came before the scientific community could confirm her age.

26. Who says Ma Pampo is the oldest person on earth?

Part 2 → READING

Text 1: Read the text and answer questions 26 – 30. (2 points each)

World’s Oldest Person Turns 128
Dominicans yesterday celebrated the birthday of the World’s oldest living person Elizabeth (Ma Pampo) Israel who turned 128. Unfortunately, the Guinness Book of World Records has not officially recognized Ma Pampo since they are still checking the facts. A certificate has been issued by the Roman Catholic Church with her birth date stated as January 27, 1875, but since it is not an official record, it cannot be used to confirm the claim. The claim was further thrown into doubt when it was learned that at some point in her life, she was called Minetta George. Guinness officials have said that it is important to clarify these issues before Ma Pampo can be given the title of the oldest person on earth. Born in Portsmouth, Dominica, and the daughter of slaves, she started working on a plantation at the age of 25 and retired 79 years later. Ma Pampo says the reason for her long life is her diet – including lots of dumplings (cooked food made from flour and water) and bush tea. She has survived her husband and two children. Dominica’s largely untouched and unspoilt environment, which is still unpolluted, has been given as the main reason for longevity on the Island. Editor’s Note Since the publication of this article in January 2003 Ma Pampo died in October of that year without ever being recognised as the World’s Oldest Person by the Guinness Book of World Records. Unfortunately, her death came before the scientific community could confirm her age.

27. What is the position of the Guinness Book of Records?

Part 2 → READING

Text 1: Read the text and answer questions 26 – 30. (2 points each)

World’s Oldest Person Turns 128
Dominicans yesterday celebrated the birthday of the World’s oldest living person Elizabeth (Ma Pampo) Israel who turned 128. Unfortunately, the Guinness Book of World Records has not officially recognized Ma Pampo since they are still checking the facts. A certificate has been issued by the Roman Catholic Church with her birth date stated as January 27, 1875, but since it is not an official record, it cannot be used to confirm the claim. The claim was further thrown into doubt when it was learned that at some point in her life, she was called Minetta George. Guinness officials have said that it is important to clarify these issues before Ma Pampo can be given the title of the oldest person on earth. Born in Portsmouth, Dominica, and the daughter of slaves, she started working on a plantation at the age of 25 and retired 79 years later. Ma Pampo says the reason for her long life is her diet – including lots of dumplings (cooked food made from flour and water) and bush tea. She has survived her husband and two children. Dominica’s largely untouched and unspoilt environment, which is still unpolluted, has been given as the main reason for longevity on the Island. Editor’s Note Since the publication of this article in January 2003 Ma Pampo died in October of that year without ever being recognised as the World’s Oldest Person by the Guinness Book of World Records. Unfortunately, her death came before the scientific community could confirm her age.

28. What is Ma Pampo’s explanation for her long life?

Part 2 → READING

Text 1: Read the text and answer questions 26 – 30. (2 points each)

World’s Oldest Person Turns 128
Dominicans yesterday celebrated the birthday of the World’s oldest living person Elizabeth (Ma Pampo) Israel who turned 128. Unfortunately, the Guinness Book of World Records has not officially recognized Ma Pampo since they are still checking the facts. A certificate has been issued by the Roman Catholic Church with her birth date stated as January 27, 1875, but since it is not an official record, it cannot be used to confirm the claim. The claim was further thrown into doubt when it was learned that at some point in her life, she was called Minetta George. Guinness officials have said that it is important to clarify these issues before Ma Pampo can be given the title of the oldest person on earth. Born in Portsmouth, Dominica, and the daughter of slaves, she started working on a plantation at the age of 25 and retired 79 years later. Ma Pampo says the reason for her long life is her diet – including lots of dumplings (cooked food made from flour and water) and bush tea. She has survived her husband and two children. Dominica’s largely untouched and unspoilt environment, which is still unpolluted, has been given as the main reason for longevity on the Island. Editor’s Note Since the publication of this article in January 2003 Ma Pampo died in October of that year without ever being recognised as the World’s Oldest Person by the Guinness Book of World Records. Unfortunately, her death came before the scientific community could confirm her age.

29. Ma Pampo’s husband is …

Part 2 → READING

Text 1: Read the text and answer questions 26 – 30. (2 points each)

World’s Oldest Person Turns 128
Dominicans yesterday celebrated the birthday of the World’s oldest living person Elizabeth (Ma Pampo) Israel who turned 128. Unfortunately, the Guinness Book of World Records has not officially recognized Ma Pampo since they are still checking the facts. A certificate has been issued by the Roman Catholic Church with her birth date stated as January 27, 1875, but since it is not an official record, it cannot be used to confirm the claim. The claim was further thrown into doubt when it was learned that at some point in her life, she was called Minetta George. Guinness officials have said that it is important to clarify these issues before Ma Pampo can be given the title of the oldest person on earth. Born in Portsmouth, Dominica, and the daughter of slaves, she started working on a plantation at the age of 25 and retired 79 years later. Ma Pampo says the reason for her long life is her diet – including lots of dumplings (cooked food made from flour and water) and bush tea. She has survived her husband and two children. Dominica’s largely untouched and unspoilt environment, which is still unpolluted, has been given as the main reason for longevity on the Island. Editor’s Note Since the publication of this article in January 2003 Ma Pampo died in October of that year without ever being recognised as the World’s Oldest Person by the Guinness Book of World Records. Unfortunately, her death came before the scientific community could confirm her age.

30. Why do people in Dominica live for a long time? Because…

Part 2 → READING

Text 1: Read the text and answer questions 26 – 30. (2 points each)

World’s Oldest Person Turns 128
Dominicans yesterday celebrated the birthday of the World’s oldest living person Elizabeth (Ma Pampo) Israel who turned 128. Unfortunately, the Guinness Book of World Records has not officially recognized Ma Pampo since they are still checking the facts. A certificate has been issued by the Roman Catholic Church with her birth date stated as January 27, 1875, but since it is not an official record, it cannot be used to confirm the claim. The claim was further thrown into doubt when it was learned that at some point in her life, she was called Minetta George. Guinness officials have said that it is important to clarify these issues before Ma Pampo can be given the title of the oldest person on earth. Born in Portsmouth, Dominica, and the daughter of slaves, she started working on a plantation at the age of 25 and retired 79 years later. Ma Pampo says the reason for her long life is her diet – including lots of dumplings (cooked food made from flour and water) and bush tea. She has survived her husband and two children. Dominica’s largely untouched and unspoilt environment, which is still unpolluted, has been given as the main reason for longevity on the Island. Editor’s Note Since the publication of this article in January 2003 Ma Pampo died in October of that year without ever being recognised as the World’s Oldest Person by the Guinness Book of World Records. Unfortunately, her death came before the scientific community could confirm her age.

31. The aim of this text is to

Part 2 → READING

Text 2: Read the text and answer questions 31 – 40. (1 point each)

Canine emotions
Dogs feel envy just like humans, but their jealousy is not complicated or underhand, nor does it revolve around the size of a new car or cost of a holiday abroad. Simply, it comes down to whether or not they are given a sausage. Scientists have proved what many dog owners suspected: man’s best friend is capable of feeling the human emotions of envy and resentment, especially when the animal feels the victim of unfair dealings in the handing out of meaty rewards. An experiment with domestically trained dogs has shown that canines are capable of withdrawing their co-operation and friendship if they see another dog get tasty sausage morsels that they feel they deserve. An animal psychologist, Friederike Range and her University of Vienna colleagues, tested canine envy by sitting two dogs next to one another. The first was told to offer its paw to shake hands; it did. But instead of rewarding the paw-offering dog, the researchers gave the piece of sausage to the second dog. After doing this a few times, the first dog withdrew co-operation and turned its head away in disgust, in order to avoid eye contact with the human experimenter, the scientists explained. ‘Furthermore, we showed that it was not the presence of the second dog but the fact that the partner received the food that was responsible for the change in the subjects’ behaviour,’ they say in their study, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The research is part of a wider investigation into the nature of ‘inequity aversion’ (reactions to a sense of injustice): this occurs in the animal kingdom when highly social creatures attempt to do something to stop the perceived inequalities within their social group. Inequity aversion is believed to be important in the evolution of co-operative behaviour. The dogs in the study were offered two kinds of reward either a bite of sausage or a piece of dark bread. Although the sausage is higher value in terms of a reward, the scientists saw no difference in the dogs’ behaviour, whichever item of food was offered. ‘Interestingly, our results differed from the results of studies with humans in that we found no sensitivity by the animal toward the quality of the food-reward’ the scientists said. ‘Humans react to the quality of food, not just the presence [or] absence of food and show more negative reactions than the dogs in this study’. ‘Inequity aversion can thus be defined as ‘partners resisting unfair outcomes. In humans, it seems to be based on ‘the simultaneous evaluation of their costs and gains compared with those of their partner’, the scientists said. ‘Until recently, it has been thought that sensitivity toward an unequal reward is a uniquely human quality. However, several experiments carried out with capuchin monkeys and chimpanzees suggest otherwise’.

32. This text suggests that

Part 2 → READING

Text 2: Read the text and answer questions 31 – 40. (1 point each)

Canine emotions
Dogs feel envy just like humans, but their jealousy is not complicated or underhand, nor does it revolve around the size of a new car or cost of a holiday abroad. Simply, it comes down to whether or not they are given a sausage. Scientists have proved what many dog owners suspected: man’s best friend is capable of feeling the human emotions of envy and resentment, especially when the animal feels the victim of unfair dealings in the handing out of meaty rewards. An experiment with domestically trained dogs has shown that canines are capable of withdrawing their co-operation and friendship if they see another dog get tasty sausage morsels that they feel they deserve. An animal psychologist, Friederike Range and her University of Vienna colleagues, tested canine envy by sitting two dogs next to one another. The first was told to offer its paw to shake hands; it did. But instead of rewarding the paw-offering dog, the researchers gave the piece of sausage to the second dog. After doing this a few times, the first dog withdrew co-operation and turned its head away in disgust, in order to avoid eye contact with the human experimenter, the scientists explained. ‘Furthermore, we showed that it was not the presence of the second dog but the fact that the partner received the food that was responsible for the change in the subjects’ behaviour,’ they say in their study, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The research is part of a wider investigation into the nature of ‘inequity aversion’ (reactions to a sense of injustice): this occurs in the animal kingdom when highly social creatures attempt to do something to stop the perceived inequalities within their social group. Inequity aversion is believed to be important in the evolution of co-operative behaviour. The dogs in the study were offered two kinds of reward either a bite of sausage or a piece of dark bread. Although the sausage is higher value in terms of a reward, the scientists saw no difference in the dogs’ behaviour, whichever item of food was offered. ‘Interestingly, our results differed from the results of studies with humans in that we found no sensitivity by the animal toward the quality of the food-reward’ the scientists said. ‘Humans react to the quality of food, not just the presence [or] absence of food and show more negative reactions than the dogs in this study’. ‘Inequity aversion can thus be defined as ‘partners resisting unfair outcomes. In humans, it seems to be based on ‘the simultaneous evaluation of their costs and gains compared with those of their partner’, the scientists said. ‘Until recently, it has been thought that sensitivity toward an unequal reward is a uniquely human quality. However, several experiments carried out with capuchin monkeys and chimpanzees suggest otherwise’.

33. Another title for this text could be:

Part II → READING
Text 2: Read the text and answer questions 31 – 40. (1 point each)

Canine emotions
Dogs feel envy just like humans, but their jealousy is not complicated or underhand, nor does it revolve around the size of a new car or cost of a holiday abroad. Simply, it comes down to whether or not they are given a sausage. Scientists have proved what many dog owners suspected: man’s best friend is capable of feeling the human emotions of envy and resentment, especially when the animal feels the victim of unfair dealings in the handing out of meaty rewards. An experiment with domestically trained dogs has shown that canines are capable of withdrawing their co-operation and friendship if they see another dog get tasty sausage morsels that they feel they deserve. An animal psychologist, Friederike Range and her University of Vienna colleagues, tested canine envy by sitting two dogs next to one another. The first was told to offer its paw to shake hands; it did. But instead of rewarding the paw-offering dog, the researchers gave the piece of sausage to the second dog. After doing this a few times, the first dog withdrew co-operation and turned its head away in disgust, in order to avoid eye contact with the human experimenter, the scientists explained. ‘Furthermore, we showed that it was not the presence of the second dog but the fact that the partner received the food that was responsible for the change in the subjects’ behaviour,’ they say in their study, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The research is part of a wider investigation into the nature of ‘inequity aversion’ (reactions to a sense of injustice): this occurs in the animal kingdom when highly social creatures attempt to do something to stop the perceived inequalities within their social group. Inequity aversion is believed to be important in the evolution of co-operative behaviour. The dogs in the study were offered two kinds of reward either a bite of sausage or a piece of dark bread. Although the sausage is higher value in terms of a reward, the scientists saw no difference in the dogs’ behaviour, whichever item of food was offered. ‘Interestingly, our results differed from the results of studies with humans in that we found no sensitivity by the animal toward the quality of the food-reward’ the scientists said. ‘Humans react to the quality of food, not just the presence [or] absence of food and show more negative reactions than the dogs in this study’. ‘Inequity aversion can thus be defined as ‘partners resisting unfair outcomes. In humans, it seems to be based on ‘the simultaneous evaluation of their costs and gains compared with those of their partner’, the scientists said. ‘Until recently, it has been thought that sensitivity toward an unequal reward is a uniquely human quality. However, several experiments carried out with capuchin monkeys and chimpanzees suggest otherwise’.

34. The next paragraph of the article could be about

Part 2 → READING

Text 2: Read the text and answer questions 31 – 40. (1 point each)

Canine emotions
Dogs feel envy just like humans, but their jealousy is not complicated or underhand, nor does it revolve around the size of a new car or cost of a holiday abroad. Simply, it comes down to whether or not they are given a sausage. Scientists have proved what many dog owners suspected: man’s best friend is capable of feeling the human emotions of envy and resentment, especially when the animal feels the victim of unfair dealings in the handing out of meaty rewards. An experiment with domestically trained dogs has shown that canines are capable of withdrawing their co-operation and friendship if they see another dog get tasty sausage morsels that they feel they deserve. An animal psychologist, Friederike Range and her University of Vienna colleagues, tested canine envy by sitting two dogs next to one another. The first was told to offer its paw to shake hands; it did. But instead of rewarding the paw-offering dog, the researchers gave the piece of sausage to the second dog. After doing this a few times, the first dog withdrew co-operation and turned its head away in disgust, in order to avoid eye contact with the human experimenter, the scientists explained. ‘Furthermore, we showed that it was not the presence of the second dog but the fact that the partner received the food that was responsible for the change in the subjects’ behaviour,’ they say in their study, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The research is part of a wider investigation into the nature of ‘inequity aversion’ (reactions to a sense of injustice): this occurs in the animal kingdom when highly social creatures attempt to do something to stop the perceived inequalities within their social group. Inequity aversion is believed to be important in the evolution of co-operative behaviour. The dogs in the study were offered two kinds of reward either a bite of sausage or a piece of dark bread. Although the sausage is higher value in terms of a reward, the scientists saw no difference in the dogs’ behaviour, whichever item of food was offered. ‘Interestingly, our results differed from the results of studies with humans in that we found no sensitivity by the animal toward the quality of the food-reward’ the scientists said. ‘Humans react to the quality of food, not just the presence [or] absence of food and show more negative reactions than the dogs in this study’. ‘Inequity aversion can thus be defined as ‘partners resisting unfair outcomes. In humans, it seems to be based on ‘the simultaneous evaluation of their costs and gains compared with those of their partner’, the scientists said. ‘Until recently, it has been thought that sensitivity toward an unequal reward is a uniquely human quality. However, several experiments carried out with capuchin monkeys and chimpanzees suggest otherwise’.

35. How is human jealousy different from that of dogs?

Part 2 → READING

Text 2: Read the text and answer questions 31 – 40. (1 point each)

Canine emotions
Dogs feel envy just like humans, but their jealousy is not complicated or underhand, nor does it revolve around the size of a new car or cost of a holiday abroad. Simply, it comes down to whether or not they are given a sausage. Scientists have proved what many dog owners suspected: man’s best friend is capable of feeling the human emotions of envy and resentment, especially when the animal feels the victim of unfair dealings in the handing out of meaty rewards. An experiment with domestically trained dogs has shown that canines are capable of withdrawing their co-operation and friendship if they see another dog get tasty sausage morsels that they feel they deserve. An animal psychologist, Friederike Range and her University of Vienna colleagues, tested canine envy by sitting two dogs next to one another. The first was told to offer its paw to shake hands; it did. But instead of rewarding the paw-offering dog, the researchers gave the piece of sausage to the second dog. After doing this a few times, the first dog withdrew co-operation and turned its head away in disgust, in order to avoid eye contact with the human experimenter, the scientists explained. ‘Furthermore, we showed that it was not the presence of the second dog but the fact that the partner received the food that was responsible for the change in the subjects’ behaviour,’ they say in their study, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The research is part of a wider investigation into the nature of ‘inequity aversion’ (reactions to a sense of injustice): this occurs in the animal kingdom when highly social creatures attempt to do something to stop the perceived inequalities within their social group. Inequity aversion is believed to be important in the evolution of co-operative behaviour. The dogs in the study were offered two kinds of reward either a bite of sausage or a piece of dark bread. Although the sausage is higher value in terms of a reward, the scientists saw no difference in the dogs’ behaviour, whichever item of food was offered. ‘Interestingly, our results differed from the results of studies with humans in that we found no sensitivity by the animal toward the quality of the food-reward’ the scientists said. ‘Humans react to the quality of food, not just the presence [or] absence of food and show more negative reactions than the dogs in this study’. ‘Inequity aversion can thus be defined as ‘partners resisting unfair outcomes. In humans, it seems to be based on ‘the simultaneous evaluation of their costs and gains compared with those of their partner’, the scientists said. ‘Until recently, it has been thought that sensitivity toward an unequal reward is a uniquely human quality. However, several experiments carried out with capuchin monkeys and chimpanzees suggest otherwise’.

36. Scientists have proved that

Part 2 → READING

Text 2: Read the text and answer questions 31 – 40. (1 point each)

Canine emotions
Dogs feel envy just like humans, but their jealousy is not complicated or underhand, nor does it revolve around the size of a new car or cost of a holiday abroad. Simply, it comes down to whether or not they are given a sausage. Scientists have proved what many dog owners suspected: man’s best friend is capable of feeling the human emotions of envy and resentment, especially when the animal feels the victim of unfair dealings in the handing out of meaty rewards. An experiment with domestically trained dogs has shown that canines are capable of withdrawing their co-operation and friendship if they see another dog get tasty sausage morsels that they feel they deserve. An animal psychologist, Friederike Range and her University of Vienna colleagues, tested canine envy by sitting two dogs next to one another. The first was told to offer its paw to shake hands; it did. But instead of rewarding the paw-offering dog, the researchers gave the piece of sausage to the second dog. After doing this a few times, the first dog withdrew co-operation and turned its head away in disgust, in order to avoid eye contact with the human experimenter, the scientists explained. ‘Furthermore, we showed that it was not the presence of the second dog but the fact that the partner received the food that was responsible for the change in the subjects’ behaviour,’ they say in their study, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The research is part of a wider investigation into the nature of ‘inequity aversion’ (reactions to a sense of injustice): this occurs in the animal kingdom when highly social creatures attempt to do something to stop the perceived inequalities within their social group. Inequity aversion is believed to be important in the evolution of co-operative behaviour. The dogs in the study were offered two kinds of reward either a bite of sausage or a piece of dark bread. Although the sausage is higher value in terms of a reward, the scientists saw no difference in the dogs’ behaviour, whichever item of food was offered. ‘Interestingly, our results differed from the results of studies with humans in that we found no sensitivity by the animal toward the quality of the food-reward’ the scientists said. ‘Humans react to the quality of food, not just the presence [or] absence of food and show more negative reactions than the dogs in this study’. ‘Inequity aversion can thus be defined as ‘partners resisting unfair outcomes. In humans, it seems to be based on ‘the simultaneous evaluation of their costs and gains compared with those of their partner’, the scientists said. ‘Until recently, it has been thought that sensitivity toward an unequal reward is a uniquely human quality. However, several experiments carried out with capuchin monkeys and chimpanzees suggest otherwise’.

37. Why did the dogs in the experiment react as they did?

Part 2 → READING

Text 2: Read the text and answer questions 31 – 40. (1 point each)

Canine emotions
Dogs feel envy just like humans, but their jealousy is not complicated or underhand, nor does it revolve around the size of a new car or cost of a holiday abroad. Simply, it comes down to whether or not they are given a sausage. Scientists have proved what many dog owners suspected: man’s best friend is capable of feeling the human emotions of envy and resentment, especially when the animal feels the victim of unfair dealings in the handing out of meaty rewards. An experiment with domestically trained dogs has shown that canines are capable of withdrawing their co-operation and friendship if they see another dog get tasty sausage morsels that they feel they deserve. An animal psychologist, Friederike Range and her University of Vienna colleagues, tested canine envy by sitting two dogs next to one another. The first was told to offer its paw to shake hands; it did. But instead of rewarding the paw-offering dog, the researchers gave the piece of sausage to the second dog. After doing this a few times, the first dog withdrew co-operation and turned its head away in disgust, in order to avoid eye contact with the human experimenter, the scientists explained. ‘Furthermore, we showed that it was not the presence of the second dog but the fact that the partner received the food that was responsible for the change in the subjects’ behaviour,’ they say in their study, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The research is part of a wider investigation into the nature of ‘inequity aversion’ (reactions to a sense of injustice): this occurs in the animal kingdom when highly social creatures attempt to do something to stop the perceived inequalities within their social group. Inequity aversion is believed to be important in the evolution of co-operative behaviour. The dogs in the study were offered two kinds of reward either a bite of sausage or a piece of dark bread. Although the sausage is higher value in terms of a reward, the scientists saw no difference in the dogs’ behaviour, whichever item of food was offered. ‘Interestingly, our results differed from the results of studies with humans in that we found no sensitivity by the animal toward the quality of the food-reward’ the scientists said. ‘Humans react to the quality of food, not just the presence [or] absence of food and show more negative reactions than the dogs in this study’. ‘Inequity aversion can thus be defined as ‘partners resisting unfair outcomes. In humans, it seems to be based on ‘the simultaneous evaluation of their costs and gains compared with those of their partner’, the scientists said. ‘Until recently, it has been thought that sensitivity toward an unequal reward is a uniquely human quality. However, several experiments carried out with capuchin monkeys and chimpanzees suggest otherwise’.

38. The experiment showed that dogs

Part 2 → READING

Text 2: Read the text and answer questions 31 – 40. (1 point each)

Canine emotions
Dogs feel envy just like humans, but their jealousy is not complicated or underhand, nor does it revolve around the size of a new car or cost of a holiday abroad. Simply, it comes down to whether or not they are given a sausage. Scientists have proved what many dog owners suspected: man’s best friend is capable of feeling the human emotions of envy and resentment, especially when the animal feels the victim of unfair dealings in the handing out of meaty rewards. An experiment with domestically trained dogs has shown that canines are capable of withdrawing their co-operation and friendship if they see another dog get tasty sausage morsels that they feel they deserve. An animal psychologist, Friederike Range and her University of Vienna colleagues, tested canine envy by sitting two dogs next to one another. The first was told to offer its paw to shake hands; it did. But instead of rewarding the paw-offering dog, the researchers gave the piece of sausage to the second dog. After doing this a few times, the first dog withdrew co-operation and turned its head away in disgust, in order to avoid eye contact with the human experimenter, the scientists explained. ‘Furthermore, we showed that it was not the presence of the second dog but the fact that the partner received the food that was responsible for the change in the subjects’ behaviour,’ they say in their study, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The research is part of a wider investigation into the nature of ‘inequity aversion’ (reactions to a sense of injustice): this occurs in the animal kingdom when highly social creatures attempt to do something to stop the perceived inequalities within their social group. Inequity aversion is believed to be important in the evolution of co-operative behaviour. The dogs in the study were offered two kinds of reward either a bite of sausage or a piece of dark bread. Although the sausage is higher value in terms of a reward, the scientists saw no difference in the dogs’ behaviour, whichever item of food was offered. ‘Interestingly, our results differed from the results of studies with humans in that we found no sensitivity by the animal toward the quality of the food-reward’ the scientists said. ‘Humans react to the quality of food, not just the presence [or] absence of food and show more negative reactions than the dogs in this study’. ‘Inequity aversion can thus be defined as ‘partners resisting unfair outcomes. In humans, it seems to be based on ‘the simultaneous evaluation of their costs and gains compared with those of their partner’, the scientists said. ‘Until recently, it has been thought that sensitivity toward an unequal reward is a uniquely human quality. However, several experiments carried out with capuchin monkeys and chimpanzees suggest otherwise’.

39. ‘Inequity aversion’ refers to

Part 2 → READING

Text 2: Read the text and answer questions 31 – 40. (1 point each)

Canine emotions
Dogs feel envy just like humans, but their jealousy is not complicated or underhand, nor does it revolve around the size of a new car or cost of a holiday abroad. Simply, it comes down to whether or not they are given a sausage. Scientists have proved what many dog owners suspected: man’s best friend is capable of feeling the human emotions of envy and resentment, especially when the animal feels the victim of unfair dealings in the handing out of meaty rewards. An experiment with domestically trained dogs has shown that canines are capable of withdrawing their co-operation and friendship if they see another dog get tasty sausage morsels that they feel they deserve. An animal psychologist, Friederike Range and her University of Vienna colleagues, tested canine envy by sitting two dogs next to one another. The first was told to offer its paw to shake hands; it did. But instead of rewarding the paw-offering dog, the researchers gave the piece of sausage to the second dog. After doing this a few times, the first dog withdrew co-operation and turned its head away in disgust, in order to avoid eye contact with the human experimenter, the scientists explained. ‘Furthermore, we showed that it was not the presence of the second dog but the fact that the partner received the food that was responsible for the change in the subjects’ behaviour,’ they say in their study, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The research is part of a wider investigation into the nature of ‘inequity aversion’ (reactions to a sense of injustice): this occurs in the animal kingdom when highly social creatures attempt to do something to stop the perceived inequalities within their social group. Inequity aversion is believed to be important in the evolution of co-operative behaviour. The dogs in the study were offered two kinds of reward either a bite of sausage or a piece of dark bread. Although the sausage is higher value in terms of a reward, the scientists saw no difference in the dogs’ behaviour, whichever item of food was offered. ‘Interestingly, our results differed from the results of studies with humans in that we found no sensitivity by the animal toward the quality of the food-reward’ the scientists said. ‘Humans react to the quality of food, not just the presence [or] absence of food and show more negative reactions than the dogs in this study’. ‘Inequity aversion can thus be defined as ‘partners resisting unfair outcomes. In humans, it seems to be based on ‘the simultaneous evaluation of their costs and gains compared with those of their partner’, the scientists said. ‘Until recently, it has been thought that sensitivity toward an unequal reward is a uniquely human quality. However, several experiments carried out with capuchin monkeys and chimpanzees suggest otherwise’.

40. What can the reader infer from the text as a whole?

Part 3 → Comprehension

You will read five short texts 41 – 45 and ten headlines (A – J). Match a headline to each text. Note, that the five remaining headlines will not be used. (1 point each)

41. At least 100 Sussex children and staff are thought to be suffering from food poisoning after a Christmas meal. A third of all pupils – aged between nine and 13 – and 10 teachers were struck down after eating a turkey lunch on Wednesday. No one is thought to have been hospitalised.

Part 3 → Comprehension

You will read five short texts 41 – 45 and ten headlines (A – J). Match a headline to each text. Note, that the five remaining headlines will not be used. (1 point each)

42. Travellers flocked to Heathrow Airport yesterday at the start of its busiest ever fortnight. Two million people are expected to travel through the airport between this weekend and 5 January, thanks to the start of the ski season and the traditional Christmas holiday period.

Part 3 → Comprehension

You will read five short texts 41 – 45 and ten headlines (A – J). Match a headline to each text. Note, that the five remaining headlines will not be used. (1 point each)

43. Southend police used patrol cars to block the path of a runaway double-decker bus yesterday as it careered driverless towards a shopping area. Two men had just jumped from the vehicle, which had been reported stolen. Two men in their thirties were arrested.

Part 3 → Comprehension

You will read five short texts 41 – 45 and ten headlines (A – J). Match a headline to each text. Note, that the five remaining headlines will not be used. (1 point each)

44. A London furniture company is putting a £1,500 sofa up for sale for £1 – in return for a promise from the buyer to take someone in need into their home at Christmas. Whoever wins the prize will have to nominate someone who is homeless, or living on their own, or is otherwise not going to have much of a Christmas.

Part 3 → Comprehension

You will read five short texts 41 – 45 and ten headlines (A – J). Match a headline to each text. Note, that the five remaining headlines will not be used. (1 point each)

45. More road accidents are caused by drivers who fall asleep at the wheel than is generally recognized, an MP claimed yesterday. He has called for Government action to help solve the problem.

Part 4 → Listening

Listen to a TV recording about the history of Halloween and answer questions 46 – 51.
(1 point each)

46. For the Celts, 31st October was…

Part 4 → Listening

Listen to a TV recording about the history of Halloween and answer questions 46 – 51.
(1 point each)

47. That day, the villagers lit big bonfires…

Part 4 → Listening

Listen to a TV recording about the history of Halloween and answer questions 46 – 51.
(1 point each)

48. All Saints Day…

Part 4 → Listening

Listen to a TV recording about the history of Halloween and answer questions 46 – 51.
(1 point each)

49. When the Irish arrived in America, they…

Part 4 → Listening

Listen to a TV recording about the history of Halloween and answer questions 46 – 51.
(1 point each)

50. The children wore masks…

Part 4 → Listening

Listen to a TV recording about the history of Halloween and answer questions 46 – 51.
(1 point each)

51. The neighbours gave candy to the youngsters…

Part 5 → Vocabulary

In sentences 52 – 60, fill in the correct word that would complete the phrase. (1 point each)

52.Our son has …….. up a close friendship with another boy at his new school and seems to be settling in well.

Part 5 → Vocabulary

In sentences 52 – 60, fill in the correct word that would complete the phrase. (1 point each)

53. Mark has friends in high …….. and should be able to get the funding we need for the project.

Part 5 → Vocabulary

In sentences 52 – 60, fill in the correct word that would complete the phrase. (1 point each)

54. He’s the spitting …….. of his twin brother and you really can’t tell them apart.

Part 5 → Vocabulary

In sentences 52 – 60, fill in the correct word that would complete the phrase. (1 point each)

55. We had a serious disagreement last year but lately, we’ve been …….. bridges and things are looking more positive.

Part 5 → Vocabulary

In sentences 52 – 60, fill in the correct word that would complete the phrase. (1 point each)

56. Sarah is great at fundraising and Paul is an IT expert so together they were a …….. made in heaven when they set up the charity.

Part 5 → Vocabulary

In sentences 52 – 60, fill in the correct word that would complete the phrase. (1 point each)

57. There’s certainly no love ……… between the two opponents and fans are expecting a lively fight in the world championships.

Part 5 → Vocabulary

In sentences 52 – 60, fill in the correct word that would complete the phrase. (1 point each)

58. When it came to a career choice, he followed in his father’s …….. and became a policeman.

Part 5 → Vocabulary

In sentences 52 – 60, fill in the correct word that would complete the phrase. (1 point each)

59. A study looking at friendships shows that being …….. the same wavelength and being in agreement about crucial issues is important.

Part 5 → Vocabulary

In sentences 52 – 60, fill in the correct word that would complete the phrase. (1 point each)

60. She certainly follows in her mother’s …….. in terms of her interest in reading.